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Linux Boot Process? Best Geeks Know It!

1 week 6 days ago
by Nawaz Abbasi

The Linux boot process is a sequence of events that initializes a Linux system from a powered-off state to a fully operational state. The knowledge of Linux boot process is essential when it comes to technical interviews, but sometimes it becomes difficult to remember or recall the key steps in the process. This article discusses a quick and easy way to remember it - Best Geeks Know It! Yes, you only need to remember that.

Best Geeks Know It -> B – G – K – I -> BIOS – GRUB – KERNEL – INIT

This BGKI acronym provides a high-level overview of the Linux boot process. Each step builds upon the previous one, gradually bringing the system to a fully operational state. Of course, there are more detailed processes within each step, but this simplified version should give you a good foundation for understanding and remembering the Linux boot sequence.

 

Here's a concise expansion of B-G-K-I:

B - BIOS/UEFI

  • Performs Power-On Self-Test (POST)
  • Checks hardware: CPU, RAM, storage
  • Loads MBR (Master Boot Record) or GPT (GUID Partition Table)
  • Transfers control to bootloader

G - GRUB

  • Located in first 512 bytes of boot drive
  • Reads /boot/grub/grub.conf
  • Shows menu with kernel options
  • Loads selected kernel + initramfs (temporary root filesystem) into RAM
  • Passes boot parameters to kernel
  • Can handle multiple OS boot options

K - KERNEL

  • Decompresses itself into RAM
  • Initializes hardware and drivers
  • Mounts root filesystem, loads initramfs
  • Sets up memory management
  • Starts device detection
  • Creates kernel threads

I - INIT (systemd in modern systems)

  • PID 1 (first process)
  • Reads /etc/inittab (traditional) or unit files (systemd)
  • Sets default runlevel/target
  • Starts essential services in order:
    • System services
    • Network services
    • Display manager
    • User interface (CLI/GUI)
  • Reaches default target state

 

Key files to remember

/boot/grub/grub.conf  - GRUB configuration

/etc/systemd/system/  - systemd unit files

/etc/inittab                  - Init configuration (traditional)

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Nawaz Abbasi

College Graduate Unemployment Hits 5.8%, Highest in Decades

1 week 6 days ago
Recent college graduates face the worst job market in decades, with unemployment reaching 5.8%, according to recently released New York Federal Reserve data. The "recent-grad gap" - the difference between unemployment rates of young college graduates versus the overall labor force - has hit its lowest point in four decades, indicating college graduates are facing unusual difficulties securing employment. (The New York Federal Reserve said labor conditions for recent college graduates have "deteriorated noticeably" in the past few months.) Even graduates from elite MBA programs are struggling to find work, while law school applications have surged as young people seek shelter from the difficult job market. Economists are attributing the decline to three potential factors: incomplete recovery from pandemic disruptions, diminishing returns on college education, and possibly AI replacing entry-level positions. "When you think about what generative AI can do, it's the kind of things that young college grads have done," said David Deming, a Harvard economist. "They read and synthesize information and data. They produce reports and presentations." Further reading: Young Men in US Abandoning College Education at Record Rates.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

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